https://wiki.inqubos.com/index.php?action=history&feed=atom&title=LoRaLoRa - Revision history2026-10-24T17:00:39ZRevision history for this page on the wikiMediaWiki 1.44.2https://wiki.inqubos.com/index.php?title=LoRa&diff=5545&oldid=prevWebadmin: Created page with "{{short description|Wireless communication technology}} {{Distinguish|LORAN}} {{for|the deep learning fine-tuning technique|Fine-tuning (deep learning)#Low-rank_adaptation}} {{Infobox protocol | image = LoRa_Module_with_antenna_and_SPI_wires_attached.jpg | caption = SX1278, a LoRa module | standard = <!--IEEE 802.15.4 not sure--> | developer = Cycleo, Semtech | introdate = <!--{{Start date|2003|5}}--> | industry = <!--Industrial, scientifi..."2025-10-10T16:22:26Z<p>Created page with "{{short description|Wireless communication technology}} {{Distinguish|LORAN}} {{for|the deep learning fine-tuning technique|Fine-tuning (deep learning)#Low-rank_adaptation}} {{Infobox protocol | image = LoRa_Module_with_antenna_and_SPI_wires_attached.jpg | caption = SX1278, a LoRa module | standard = <!--<a href="/index.php?title=IEEE_802.15.4&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="IEEE 802.15.4 (page does not exist)">IEEE 802.15.4</a> not sure--> | developer = <a href="/index.php?title=Cycleo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cycleo (page does not exist)">Cycleo</a>, <a href="/index.php?title=Semtech&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Semtech (page does not exist)">Semtech</a> | introdate = <!--{{Start date|2003|5}}--> | industry = <!--Industrial, scientifi..."</p>
<p><b>New page</b></p><div>{{short description|Wireless communication technology}}<br />
{{Distinguish|LORAN}}<br />
{{for|the deep learning fine-tuning technique|Fine-tuning (deep learning)#Low-rank_adaptation}}<br />
{{Infobox protocol<br />
| image = LoRa_Module_with_antenna_and_SPI_wires_attached.jpg<br />
| caption = SX1278, a LoRa module<br />
| standard = <!--[[IEEE 802.15.4]] not sure--><br />
| developer = [[Cycleo]], [[Semtech]]<br />
| introdate = <!--{{Start date|2003|5}}--><br />
| industry = <!--Industrial, scientific--><br />
| connector = SPI/I2C<br />
| hardware = SX1261, SX1262, SX1268, SX1272, SX1276, SX1278 <br />
| range = {{convert|330|km|mi}} in perfect conditions.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Range Tests {{!}} Meshtastic |url=https://meshtastic.org/docs/overview/range-tests/ |access-date=2025-01-22 |website=meshtastic.org |language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
Approximately 10 kilometres (6.2 mi) in practical conditions<br />
}}<br />
'''LoRa''' (from "long range") is a physical proprietary [[radio communication]] technique based on [[spread spectrum]] modulation.<ref>{{Cite web |title=What is LoRa? |url=https://www.semtech.com/lora/what-is-lora |access-date=October 3, 2025 |website=Semtech |language=en}}</ref> It is used as the physical layer for '''LoRaWAN''', a [[low-power wide-area network|low-power, wide-area network]] (LPWAN) protocol that wirelessly connects battery-operated devices to the Internet. LoRa can be thought of as the radio signal technology (similar to Wi-Fi or cellular), while LoRaWAN is the protocol and network architecture that manages communication over that signal.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Haxhibeqiri |first1=J. |last2=Van den Abeele |first2=F. |last3=Hoebeke |first3=J. |last4=Moerman |first4=I. |title=LoRaWAN for smart city applications |year=2018 |publisher=Springer |pages=1–25 |chapter=A Survey of LoRaWAN for the Internet of Things}}</ref><br />
<br />
Together, LoRa and LoRaWAN provide a solution for connecting low-power devices over long distances, making them a key technology for the [[Internet of Things]] (IoT). The technology is primarily used for applications where small amounts of data need to be transmitted infrequently from hard-to-reach locations, such as in smart agriculture, industrial monitoring, and [[asset tracking]].<ref>{{cite journal|author1=Ramon Sanchez-Iborra |author2=Jesus Sanchez-Gomez |author3=Juan Ballesta-Viñas |author4=Maria-Dolores Cano |author5=Antonio F. Skarmeta |title=Performance Evaluation of LoRa Considering Scenario Conditions |journal=Sensors |volume=18 |issue=3 |pages=772 |year=2018 |doi=10.3390/s18030772 |pmid=29510524 |doi-access=free |pmc=5876541 |bibcode=2018Senso..18..772S }}</ref> The technology was originally developed by the French company Cycleo, which was acquired by [[Semtech]] in 2012, and the LoRaWAN standard is now managed by the LoRa Alliance.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.design-reuse.com/news/28706/semtech-cycleo-acquisition.html |title=Semtech Acquires Wireless Long Range IP Provider Cycleo |website=Design And Reuse |language=en |access-date=2019-10-17}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Features ==<br />
LoRa uses license-free sub-gigahertz [[radio frequency]] bands EU433 ([[LPD433]]) or EU868 ([[Short-range device#SRD860|863–870/873&nbsp;MHz]]) in [[Europe]]; AU915/AS923-1 (915–928&nbsp;MHz) in [[South America]]; US915 ([[ISM radio band#915 MHz|902–928&nbsp;MHz]]) in [[North America]]; IN865 (865–867&nbsp;MHz) in [[India]]; and AS923 (915–928&nbsp;MHz) in [[Asia]];<ref name="loraWANRegionalParameters">{{Cite web |title=RP002-1.0.3 LoRaWAN Regional Parameters |author= |work=lora-alliance.org |date= |access-date=9 June 2021 |url= https://lora-alliance.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/05/RP-2-1.0.3.pdf}}</ref> LoRa enables long-range transmissions with low power consumption.<ref name="sanchez">{{cite journal|author1=Ramon Sanchez-Iborra |author2=Jesus Sanchez-Gomez |author3=Juan Ballesta-Viñas |author4=Maria-Dolores Cano |author5=Antonio F. Skarmeta |title=Performance Evaluation of LoRa Considering Scenario Conditions |journal=Sensors |volume=18 |issue=3 |pages=772 |year=2018 |doi=10.3390/s18030772 |pmid=29510524 |pmc=5876541 |bibcode=2018Senso..18..772S |doi-access=free }}</ref> The technology covers the [[physical layer]], while other technologies and protocols such as LoRaWAN cover the upper layers. It can achieve data rates between 0.3&nbsp;kbit/s and 27&nbsp;kbit/s, depending upon the [[spreading factor]].<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Adelantado|first1=Ferran|last2=Vilajosana|first2=Xavier|last3=Tuset-Peiro|first3=Pere|last4=Martinez|first4=Borja|last5=Melia-Segui|first5=Joan|last6=Watteyne|first6=Thomas|date=2017|title=Understanding the Limits of LoRaWAN|journal=IEEE Communications Magazine|volume=55|issue=9|pages=34–40|doi=10.1109/mcom.2017.1600613|hdl=10609/93072|s2cid=2798291|issn=0163-6804|hdl-access=free|arxiv=1607.08011 |bibcode=2017IComM..55i..34A }}</ref><br />
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LoRa devices have [[geolocation]] capabilities used for [[Trilateration|trilaterating]] positions of devices via timestamps from gateways.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://orbit.dtu.dk/files/130478296/paper_final_2.pdf|title=GPS-free Geolocation using LoRa in Low-Power WANs|author1=Fargas, Bernat Carbones |author2=Petersen, Martin Nordal |date=|website=DTU Library|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Applications ==<br />
LoRa devices have geolocation capabilities used for [[Trilateration|trilaterating]] positions of devices via timestamps from gateways. This feature, combined with the technology's long-range and low-power characteristics, makes it suitable for a wide range of [[Internet of Things]] (IoT) applications where assets are dispersed and battery life is critical.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.iotinsider.com/industries/communications/10-years-of-lorawan-lora-alliance-shares-ambitions/ |title=10 years of LoRaWAN: LoRa Alliance shares ambitions |website=IoT Insider |date=June 11, 2024 |access-date=October 3, 2025}}</ref><br />
<br />
=== Asset tracking and logistics ===<br />
LoRaWAN is widely used for [[asset tracking]], particularly for non-powered assets that require a [[tracking system]] with a long battery life. Because it does not rely on cellular networks, it is an effective technology for monitoring moving objects in areas with poor or no GSM signal, such as in remote areas or inside large metal shipping containers.<ref>{{cite journal |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/353410875 |title=Monitoring of moving objects in the absence of a GSM signal |author1=A. Busko |author2=R. D. M. S. D. Rathnayake |date=July 2021 |journal=Scientific Journal of Silesian University of Technology. Series of Transport |volume=112 |pages=5–14 |doi=10.20858/sjsutst.2021.112.1}}</ref> A common application is in the [[track and trace]] of construction and railway equipment. For example, LoRaWAN trackers are used in Switzerland to monitor the location of construction wagons, providing security against theft and improving the efficiency of [[Fleet management|fleet logistics]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.railwaygazette.com/sponsored-content/ensuring-asset-security-with-lorawan-tracking-solution-for-construction-wagons-in-switzerland/64597.article |title=Ensuring asset security with LoRaWAN tracking solution for construction wagons in Switzerland |website=Railway Gazette International |date=July 12, 2023 |access-date=October 3, 2025}}</ref><br />
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=== Smart agriculture ===<br />
In [[precision agriculture]], LoRaWAN sensors are used to create managing information systems that optimize farming operations. Low-power sensors are deployed across large fields to monitor soil moisture, temperature, and nutrient levels, allowing for more efficient irrigation and fertilization. The technology is also used for tracking the location and health of livestock.<ref>{{cite journal |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/342462325 |title=Main Aspects of the Creation of Managing Information System at the Implementation of Precision Farming |author1=V. D. Bortnikov |author2=V. V. Semenyuk |date=June 2020 |journal=International Scientific Agriculture Journal |volume=6 |issue=2 |pages=35–39 |doi=10.24411/2588-0209-2020-10188}}</ref><br />
<br />
=== Smart cities and utilities ===<br />
LoRaWAN is used for smart city applications. Municipalities use it for a variety of services, including:<br />
* [[Smart metering]]: Utility companies deploy LoRaWAN-enabled meters to automatically read water and gas consumption without needing to send a technician.<br />
* [[Waste management]]: Sensors in public trash bins can report when they are full, allowing for the optimization of collection routes.<br />
* [[Smart parking]]: Sensors in parking spaces can detect whether a space is occupied, providing real-time data to drivers via a mobile app.<br />
<br />
==LoRa PHY==<br />
LoRa uses a proprietary spread spectrum modulation that is similar to and a derivative of [[chirp spread spectrum]] (CSS) modulation. Each symbol is represented by a cyclic shifted chirp over the bandwidth centered around the base frequency. The spreading factor (SF) is a selectable radio parameter from 5 to 12<ref name=":1">{{cite web |title=SX1261/2 Datasheet |url=https://www.semtech.com/products/wireless-rf/lora-core/sx1262#download-resources |access-date=19 November 2021 |website=Semtech SX1276 |publisher=Semtech}}</ref> and represents the number of bits sent per symbol and in addition determines how much the information is spread over time.<ref name="modbas">{{Cite web |url=https://www.semtech.com/uploads/documents/an1200.22.pdf |title=LoRa Modulation Basics |date= |website=[[Semtech]] |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190718200516/https://www.semtech.com/uploads/documents/an1200.22.pdf |archive-date=2019-07-18 |access-date=2020-02-05}}</ref> There are <math>M = 2^{\mathrm{SF}}</math> different initial frequencies of the cyclic shifted chirp across the bandwidth around the center frequency.<ref name="chel">{{cite journal|author1=M. Chiani |author2=A. Elzanaty |title=On the LoRa Modulation for IoT: Waveform Properties and Spectral Analysis |journal=IEEE Internet of Things Journal |volume=6 |issue=5 |pages=772 |year=2019 |doi= 10.1109/JIOT.2019.2919151|arxiv=1906.04256 |bibcode=2019IITJ....6.8463C |hdl=10754/655888 |s2cid=184486907 |hdl-access=free }}</ref> The symbol rate is determined by <math>R_s = B/M</math>. LoRa can tradeoff data rate for sensitivity (assuming a fixed channel bandwidth <math>B</math>) by selecting the SF, i.e. the amount of spread used. A lower SF corresponds to a higher data rate but a worse sensitivity, a higher SF implies a better sensitivity but a lower data rate.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Qoitech |title=How Spreading Factor affects LoRaWAN device battery life |url=https://www.thethingsnetwork.org/article/how-spreading-factor-affects-lorawan-device-battery-life |access-date=2020-02-25 |website=The Things Network |language=en}}</ref> Compared to lower SF, sending the same amount of data with higher SF needs more transmission time, known as time-on-air. More time-on-air means that the modem is transmitting for a longer time and consuming more energy. Typical LoRa modems support transmit powers up to +22&nbsp;dBm.<ref name=":1" /> However, the regulations of the respective country may additionally limit the allowed transmit power. Higher transmit power results in higher signal power at the receiver and hence a higher [[link budget]], but at the cost of consuming more energy. There are measurement studies of LoRa performance with regard to energy consumption, communication distances, and medium access efficiency.<ref name="measurement_studies">{{cite journal|author1=J.C. Liando |author2=A. Gamage |author3=A.W. Tengourtius |author4=M. Li |title=Known and Unknown Facts of LoRa: Experiences from a Large-Scale Measurement Study |journal=ACM Transactions on Sensor Networks |volume=15 |issue=2 |pages=Article No. 16, pp 1–35 |year=2019 |doi= 10.1145/3293534 |s2cid=53669421 |issn=1550-4859 |hdl=10356/142869 |hdl-access=free }}</ref> According to the LoRa Development Portal, the range provided by LoRa can be up to {{convert|3|mi|km}} in urban areas, and up to {{convert|10|mi|km}} or more in rural areas (line of sight).<ref>{{Cite web|title=What are LoRa® and LoRaWAN®?|url=https://lora-developers.semtech.com/library/tech-papers-and-guides/lora-and-lorawan/|access-date=7 July 2021|website=LoRa Developer Portal}}</ref><br />
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In addition, LoRa uses [[Forward error correction|forward error correction coding]] to improve resilience against interference. LoRa's high range is characterized by high wireless [[link budget]]s of around 155&nbsp;dB to 170&nbsp;dB.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://blog.semtech.com/title-10-things-about-lorawan-nb-iot|title=10 Things About LoRaWAN & NB-IoT|last=Mohan|first=Vivek|website=blog.semtech.com|language=en-us|access-date=2019-02-18}}</ref> Range extenders for LoRa are called LoRaX.<br />
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==LoRaWAN==<br />
[[File:LoRaWAN-Architecture.svg|thumb|LoRaWAN network architecture]]<br />
[[File:LoRaWAN Logo.svg|thumb|LoRaWAN Logo]]<br />
While LoRa defines the lower physical layer, LoRaWAN is the [[Medium access control|MAC]] layer protocol and system architecture for the network. LoRaWAN defines the communication protocol for managing communication between low-power end-node devices and [[Gateway (telecommunications)|gateways]].<br />
<br />
The LoRaWAN network architecture consists of three main components:<br />
* '''End Devices:''' These are the small, battery-powered sensors or trackers that are spread out in the field. Each device has a LoRa chip that allows it to transmit small packets of data over long distances using the LoRa radio protocol.<br />
* '''Gateways (Base Stations):''' A gateway is a receiving station that is connected to the internet. It listens for LoRa signals from all the end devices within its range. When a gateway receives a data packet from a device, it forwards it to the central network server without processing it.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Haxhibeqiri |first1=J. |last2=Van den Abeele |first2=F. |last3=Hoebeke |first3=J. |last4=Moerman |first4=I. |title=LoRaWAN for smart city applications |year=2018 |publisher=Springer |pages=1–25 |chapter=A Survey of LoRaWAN for the Internet of Things}}</ref> A key feature of LoRaWAN is that a single data packet from a device can be picked up by multiple gateways simultaneously, which increases the network's reliability.<br />
* '''Network Server:''' This is the central cloud-based software that manages the entire network. It receives the data from all the gateways, removes duplicate messages, and then routes the data to the correct application server. It is also responsible for managing the communication frequencies, [[Data-rate units|data rate]], and power for all end devices.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://chmnu.edu.ua/wp-content/uploads/2019/10/ALIOT_Multi-Book_Volume3_web.pdf |last1=Smirnov |first1=A. |last2=Ponomarev |first2=A. |last3=Levashova |first3=T. |title=ALIOT: A Multi-Disciplinary Perspective on the Internet of Things |year=2019 |publisher=Springer |page=235 |chapter=IoT in Fleet Management}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://lora-alliance.org/lorawan-for-developers|title=LoRaWAN For Developers|website=www.lora-alliance.org|language=en-US|access-date=2018-11-23}}</ref><br />
<br />
Devices in the network are asynchronous and transmit when they have data available to send. Data transmitted by an end-node device is received by multiple gateways, which then forward the data packets to the centralized network server.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://www.link-labs.com/lpwan|title=A Comprehensive Look At LPWAN For IoT Engineers & Decision Makers|date=|website=www.link-labs.com|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=2017-06-22}}</ref> The data is then forwarded to an associated application server.<ref>{{Cite web |last=LoRa Alliance |date=2015 |title=LoRaWAN: What is it? |url=https://lora-alliance.org/sites/default/files/2018-04/what-is-lorawan.pdf |archive-url= |archive-date= |access-date= |website=}}</ref><br />
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=== CSMA for LoRaWAN ===<br />
In the wireless communication, particularly across the IoT applications, collision avoidance is essential for reliable communication and overall spectral efficiency. Previously, LoRaWAN has relied upon [[ALOHAnet|ALOHA]] as the [[medium access control]] (MAC) layer protocol, but to improve this, the LoRa Alliance's Technical Recommendation TR013<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=Enabling CSMA for LoRaWAN TR013-1.0.0 |date=15 September 2023 |url=https://resources.lora-alliance.org/home/tr013-1-0-0-csma |access-date=2023-11-05 |publisher=LoRa Alliance}}</ref> introduced [[Carrier-sense multiple access with collision avoidance|CSMA-CA]]. Employing the CAD based CSMA technique specified in TR013<ref name=":2" /> enhances LoRaWAN's spectrum efficiency and ensures more reliable device communication, including in congested environments.<ref name=":2" /> TR013 is based on the LMAC<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Gamage |first1=Amalinda |last2=Liando |first2=Jansen |last3=Gu |first3=Chaojie |last4=Tan |first4=Rui |last5=Li |first5=Mo |last6=Seller |first6=Olivier |date=2023-05-31 |title=LMAC: Efficient Carrier-Sense Multiple Access for LoRa |url=https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/3564530 |journal=ACM Transactions on Sensor Networks |language=en |volume=19 |issue=2 |pages=1–27 |doi=10.1145/3564530 |issn=1550-4859}}</ref> and is the first industry-academia collaboration of LoRa Alliance to have resulted in a Technical Recommendation.<ref>{{Cite thesis |title=Optimizing spectral utilization of LPWANs |publisher=Nanyang Technological University |date=2023 |doi=10.32657/10356/172897 |first=Gamage Isuru Amalinda |last=Jathun|doi-access=free |hdl=10356/172897 |hdl-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4B8OY2jaLA4&t=681s |title=LoRaWAN® CSMA to Minimize on Air Collisions |date=2024-02-01 |last=LoRa Alliance |access-date=2024-07-13 |via=YouTube}}</ref><br />
<br />
=== Version history ===<br />
* January 2015: 1.0<ref name="lora0">{{Cite web |title=LoRaWAN Specification |author= |work=lora-alliance.org |date= |access-date=5 February 2020 |url= https://lora-alliance.org/sites/default/files/2018-05/2015_-_lorawan_specification_1r0_611_1.pdf}}</ref><ref>[http://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20150616006550/en/LoRaWAN-R1.0-Open-Standard-Released-IoT Version 1.0 of the LoRaWAN specification released].</ref><br />
* February 2016: 1.0.1<ref name="lora1">{{Cite web |title=LoRaWAN Specification |author= |work=lora-alliance.org |date= |access-date=2 February 2021 |url= https://lora-alliance.org/resource_hub/lorawan-104-specification-package/}}</ref><br />
* July 2016: 1.0.2<ref name="lora2">{{Cite web |title=LoRaWAN Specification |author= |work=lora-alliance.org |date= |access-date=5 February 2020 |url= https://lora-alliance.org/sites/default/files/2018-05/lorawan1_0_2-20161012_1398_1.pdf}}</ref><br />
* October 2017: 1.1, adds Class B<ref name="lora11">{{Cite web |title=LoRaWAN™ 1.1 Specification |author= |work=lora-alliance.org |date= |access-date=5 February 2020 |url= https://lora-alliance.org/sites/default/files/2018-04/lorawantm_specification_-v1.1.pdf}}</ref><br />
* July 2018: 1.0.3<ref name="lora3">{{Cite web |title=LoRaWAN 1.0.3 Specification |author= |work=lora-alliance.org |date= |access-date=5 February 2020 |url= https://lora-alliance.org/sites/default/files/2018-07/lorawan1.0.3.pdf}}</ref><br />
* October 2020: 1.0.4<ref name="lora4">{{Cite web |title=LoRaWAN 1.0.4 Specification |author= |work=lora-alliance.org |date= |access-date=25 November 2020 |url= https://resources.lora-alliance.org/technical-specifications/ts001-1-0-4-lorawan-l2-1-0-4-specification}}</ref><br />
<br />
== LoRa Alliance {{anchor|Alliance}} ==<br />
The LoRa Alliance is an open, non-profit association whose stated mission is to support and promote the global adoption of the LoRaWAN standard for massively scaled IoT deployments, as well as deployments in remote or hard-to-reach locations.<br />
<br />
Members collaborate in a vibrant ecosystem of device makers, solution providers, system integrators and network operators, delivering interoperability needed to scale IoT across the globe, using public, private, hybrid, and community networks. Key areas of focus within the Alliance are smart agriculture, smart buildings, smart cities, smart industry, smart logistics, and smart utilities.<br />
<br />
Key contributing members of the LoRa Alliance include Actility, [[Amazon Web Services]], [[Cisco Systems|Cisco]], Everynet, [[Helium Network|Helium]], Kerlink, MachineQ, [[Microsoft]], [[MikroTik]], Minol Zenner, Netze BW, Semtech, Senet, [[STMicroelectronics]], TEKTELIC and The Things Industries.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Member Directory {{!}} LoRa Alliance |url=https://lora-alliance.org/member-directory |access-date=May 22, 2023 |website=lora-alliance.org}}</ref> In 2018, the LoRa Alliance had over 100 LoRaWAN network operators in over 100 countries; in 2023, there are nearly 200, providing coverage in nearly every country in the world.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-01-25 |title=LoRa Alliance passes 100 LoRaWAN network operator milestone |url=https://lora-alliance.org/lora-alliance-press-release/lora-alliance-registra-una-crescita-del-66-delle-reti-pubbliche-lorawan-negli-ultimi-3-anni/ |access-date=2019-02-11 |website=Electronic Products & Technology |language=en-US}}</ref><br />
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On October 1, 2024, [[Cisco Systems|Cisco]] announced it is "exiting the LoRaWAN space" with no planned migration for Cisco LoRaWAN gateways.<ref>{{Cite web |title=End-of-Sale and End-of-Life Announcement for the Cisco LoRaWAN |url=https://www.cisco.com/c/en/us/products/collateral/routers/wireless-gateway-lorawan/lorawan-eol.html |access-date=October 3, 2024 |website=cisco.com}}</ref><br />
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==See also==<br />
<br />
*[[DASH7]] – a popular open alternative to LoRa<br />
*[[IEEE 802.11ah]] – non-proprietary low-power long-range standard<br />
*[[CC430]] – an MCU & sub-1&nbsp;GHz RF transceiver SoC<br />
*[[Narrowband IoT]] – narrowband Internet of things<br />
* {{Annotated link |LTE-M|LTE Cat M1}}<br />
*[[MIoTy]] – sub-GHz LPWAN technology for sensor networks<br />
*[[Static Context Header Compression|SCHC]] – static context header compression<br />
* {{Annotated link |Short-range device}}<br />
*[[Helium Network]] – LoRaWAN protocol paired with blockchain technology<br />
*[[Amazon Sidewalk]] – a mesh wireless network developed by Amazon<br />
*[[Meshtastic]] – a popular open source mesh network protocol that uses LoRa<br />
*[[ExpressLRS]] – open source UAV remote control protocol that uses LoRa, widely used in [[FPV drones]]<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
==Further reading==<br />
* Olivier Bernard André Seller. "Wireless communication method" U.S. Patent No. 9,647,718. 9 September 2015.<br />
*Lee, Chang-Jae, Ki-Seon Ryu, and Beum-Joon Kim. "Periodic ranging in a wireless access system for mobile station in sleep mode." U.S. Patent No. 7,194,288. 20 March 2007.<br />
* {{Cite web|url=https://www.sghoslya.com/p/lora-is-chirp-spread-spectrum.html|title=How to generate LoRa Symbols|last=Ghoslya|first=Sakshama|date=2019-04-17|website=All About LoRa and LoRaWAN|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=}}<br />
*Quigley, Thomas J., and Ted Rabenko. "Latency reduction in a communications system." U.S. Patent No. 7,930,000. 19 April 2011.<br />
* Bankov, D.; Khorov, E.; Lyakhov, A. [https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/7810745/ "On the Limits of LoRaWAN Channel Access"]. ''2016 International Conference on Engineering and Telecommunication (EnT)'': 10–14.<br />
*Seneviratne, Pradeeka. [https://www.apress.com/us/book/9781484243565 "Beginning LoRa Radio Networks with Arduino - Build Long Range, Low Power Wireless IoT Networks."] Apress, 2019, eBook {{ISBN|978-1-4842-4357-2}}, Softcover {{ISBN|978-1-4842-4356-5}}, Ed: 1<br />
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==External links==<br />
* [https://lora-alliance.org/ LoRa Alliance]<br />
* [https://lora-developers.semtech.com/library/tech-papers-and-guides/lora-and-lorawan/ LoRa Developer Portal]<br />
* {{webarchive | url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110729143237/http://www.Cycleo.net/ | title=Cycleo website}}<br />
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[[Category:Wireless networking]]<br />
[[Category:Wireless communication systems]]<br />
[[Category:Wireless sensor network]]<br />
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[[de:Long Range Wide Area Network]]</div>Webadmin