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Beryllium, 4Be
A dark, crystalline piece of rock standing on a piece of graph paper
Beryllium
Pronunciation/bəˈrɪliəm/ Template:Error-small ​(bə-RIL-ee-əm)
Appearancewhite-gray metallic
Standard atomic weight Ar°(Be)
Beryllium in the periodic table
Hydrogen Helium
Lithium Beryllium Boron Carbon Nitrogen Oxygen Fluorine Neon
Sodium Magnesium Aluminium Silicon Phosphorus Sulfur Chlorine Argon
Potassium Calcium Scandium Titanium Vanadium Chromium Manganese Iron Cobalt Nickel Copper Zinc Gallium Germanium Arsenic Selenium Bromine Krypton
Rubidium Strontium Yttrium Zirconium Niobium Molybdenum Technetium Ruthenium Rhodium Palladium Silver Cadmium Indium Tin Antimony Tellurium Iodine Xenon
Caesium Barium Lanthanum Cerium Praseodymium Neodymium Promethium Samarium Europium Gadolinium Terbium Dysprosium Holmium Erbium Thulium Ytterbium Lutetium Hafnium Tantalum Tungsten Rhenium Osmium Iridium Platinum Gold Mercury (element) Thallium Lead Bismuth Polonium Astatine Radon
Francium Radium Actinium Thorium Protactinium Uranium Neptunium Plutonium Americium Curium Berkelium Californium Einsteinium Fermium Mendelevium Nobelium Lawrencium Rutherfordium Dubnium Seaborgium Bohrium Hassium Meitnerium Darmstadtium Roentgenium Copernicium Nihonium Flerovium Moscovium Livermorium Tennessine Oganesson
–
↑
Be
↓
Mg
lithium ← beryllium → boron
Atomic number (Z)4
Groupgroup 2 (alkaline earth metals)
Periodperiod 2
Block  s-block
Electron configuration[He] 2s2
Electrons per shell2, 2
Physical properties
Phase at STPsolid
Melting point1560 K ​(1287 °C, ​2349 °F)
Boiling point2742 K ​(2469 °C, ​4476 °F)
Density (at 20 °C)1.845 g/cm3[3]
when liquid (at m.p.)1.690 g/cm3
Critical point5400 K, 46 MPa (estimated)[4]
Heat of fusion12.2 kJ/mol
Heat of vaporization292 kJ/mol
Molar heat capacity16.443 J/(mol·K)
Vapor pressure
P (Pa) 1 10 100 1 k 10 k 100 k
at T (K) 1462 1608 1791 2023 2327 2742
Atomic properties
Oxidation statescommon: +2
0,[6] +1[8]
ElectronegativityPauling scale: 1.57
Ionization energies
  • 1st: 899.5 kJ/mol
  • 2nd: 1757.1 kJ/mol
  • 3rd: 14,848.7 kJ/mol
  • (more)
Atomic radiusempirical: 112 pm
Covalent radius96±3 pm
Van der Waals radius153 pm
Color lines in a spectral range
Spectral lines of beryllium
Other properties
Natural occurrenceprimordial
Crystal structure ​hexagonal close-packed (hcp) (hP2)
Lattice constantsa = 228.60 pm
c = 358.42 pm (at 20 °C)[3]
Thermal expansion10.98×10−6/K (at 20 °C)[3][lower-alpha 1]
Thermal conductivity200 W/(m⋅K)
Electrical resistivity36 nΩ⋅m (at 20 °C)
Magnetic orderingdiamagnetic
Molar magnetic susceptibility−9.0×10−6 cm3/mol[9]
Young's modulus287 GPa
Shear modulus132 GPa
Bulk modulus130 GPa
Speed of sound thin rod12,890 m/s (at r.t.)[10]
Poisson ratio0.032
Mohs hardness6.0
Vickers hardness1670 MPa
Brinell hardness590–1320 MPa
CAS Number7440-41-7
History
Namingafter mineral Beryl, from Greek βήρυλλος, which referred to various blue-green stones
DiscoveryLouis Nicolas Vauquelin (1798)
First isolationFriedrich Wöhler & Antoine Bussy (1828)
Isotopes of beryllium
Main isotopes[11] Decay
Isotope abun­dance half-life (t1/2) mode pro­duct
7Be trace 53.22 d ε 7Li
8Be synth 8.2×10−17 s[n 1] α 4He
9Be 100% stable
10Be trace 1.387×106 y β− 10B
File:Symbol category class.svg Category: Beryllium
| references
child table, as reused in {IB-Be}
Main isotopes of beryllium
Main isotopes[11] Decay
Isotope abun­dance half-life (t1/2) mode pro­duct
7Be trace 53.22 d ε 7Li
8Be synth 8.2×10−17 s[n 1] α 4He
9Be 100% stable
10Be trace 1.387×106 y β− 10B
Data sets read by {{Infobox element}}
Name and identifiers
Symbol etymology (11 non-trivial)
Top image (caption, alt) caption:

alt:
Pronunciation
Allotropes (overview)
Group (overview)
Period (overview)
Block (overview)
Natural occurrence
Phase at STP
Oxidation states
Spectral lines image
Electron configuration (cmt, ref)
Isotopes
Standard atomic weight
  most stable isotope
File:Notification-icon-Wikidata-logo.svg Wikidata
Wikidata *
* Not used in {{Infobox element}} (2023-01-01)
See also {{Index of data sets}} · Cat:data sets (0) · (this table:
)

Notes

  1. ↑ The thermal expansion is anisotropic: the parameters (at 20 °C) for each crystal axis are αa = 12.03×10−6/K, αc = 8.88×10−6/K, and αaverage = αV/3 = 10.98×10−6/K.[3]
  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 Also can be considered spontaneous fission, as 8
    Be     splits into two equal 4
    He     nuclei

References

These references will appear in the article, but this list appears only on this page.
  1. ↑ "Standard Atomic Weights: Beryllium". CIAAW. 2013.
  2. ↑ Prohaska, Thomas; Irrgeher, Johanna; Benefield, Jacqueline; Böhlke, John K.; Chesson, Lesley A.; Coplen, Tyler B.; Ding, Tiping; Dunn, Philip J. H.; Gröning, Manfred; Holden, Norman E.; Meijer, Harro A. J. (2022-05-04). "Standard atomic weights of the elements 2021 (IUPAC Technical Report)". Pure and Applied Chemistry. doi:10.1515/pac-2019-0603. ISSN 1365-3075.
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 Arblaster, John W. (2018). Selected Values of the Crystallographic Properties of Elements. Materials Park, Ohio: ASM International. ISBN 978-1-62708-155-9.
  4. ↑ Apfelbaum, E. M. (2012-12-20). "Estimate of Beryllium Critical Point on the Basis of Correspondence between the Critical and the Zeno-Line Parameters". The Journal of Physical Chemistry B. 116 (50): 14660–14666. doi:10.1021/jp309757a. ISSN 1520-6106. PMID 23194150.
  5. ↑ Berthold, Chantsalmaa; Maurer, Johannes; Klerner, Lukas; Harder, Sjoerd; Buchner, Magnus R. (2024-05-31). "Formation, Structure and Reactivity of a Beryllium(0) Complex with Mgδ+−Beδ− Bond Polarization". Angewandte Chemie International Edition. 63 (35) e202408422. doi:10.1002/anie.202408422.
  6. ↑ Beryllium(0) is present in LMgBeCp* (L = a complex diimide ligand, Cp* = pentamethylcyclopentadienyl) with a magnesium-beryllium polar bond.[5]
  7. ↑ Boronski, Josef T.; Crumpton, Agamemnon E.; Wales, Lewis L.; Aldridge, Simon (2023-06-16). "Diberyllocene, a stable compound of Be(I) with a Be–Be bond". Science. 380 (6650): 1147–1149. Bibcode:2023Sci...380.1147B. doi:10.1126/science.adh4419. ISSN 0036-8075. PMID 37319227. S2CID 259166086.
  8. ↑ Be(I) is known in CpBeBeCp.[7]
  9. ↑ Weast, Robert (1984). CRC, Handbook of Chemistry and Physics. Boca Raton, Florida: Chemical Rubber Company Publishing. pp. E110. ISBN 0-8493-0464-4.
  10. ↑ Haynes, William M., ed. (2011). CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics (92nd ed.). Boca Raton, Florida: CRC Press. p. 14.48. ISBN 1-4398-5511-0.
  11. ↑ 11.0 11.1 Kondev, F. G.; Wang, M.; Huang, W. J.; Naimi, S.; Audi, G. (2021). "The NUBASE2020 evaluation of nuclear properties" (PDF). Chinese Physics C. 45 (3) 030001. doi:10.1088/1674-1137/abddae.

One of these is a named reference. It may be cited in the containing article as

  • <ref name="CIAAW2013" /> for the source Atomic weights of the elements 2013 (from subtemplates used by {{Infobox element}})

References

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