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Cadmium, 48Cd
File:Cadmium-crystal bar.jpg
Cadmium
Pronunciation/ˈkædmiəm/ Template:Error-small ​(KAD-mee-əm)
Appearancesilvery bluish-gray metallic
Standard atomic weight Ar°(Cd)
Cadmium in the periodic table
Hydrogen Helium
Lithium Beryllium Boron Carbon Nitrogen Oxygen Fluorine Neon
Sodium Magnesium Aluminium Silicon Phosphorus Sulfur Chlorine Argon
Potassium Calcium Scandium Titanium Vanadium Chromium Manganese Iron Cobalt Nickel Copper Zinc Gallium Germanium Arsenic Selenium Bromine Krypton
Rubidium Strontium Yttrium Zirconium Niobium Molybdenum Technetium Ruthenium Rhodium Palladium Silver Cadmium Indium Tin Antimony Tellurium Iodine Xenon
Caesium Barium Lanthanum Cerium Praseodymium Neodymium Promethium Samarium Europium Gadolinium Terbium Dysprosium Holmium Erbium Thulium Ytterbium Lutetium Hafnium Tantalum Tungsten Rhenium Osmium Iridium Platinum Gold Mercury (element) Thallium Lead Bismuth Polonium Astatine Radon
Francium Radium Actinium Thorium Protactinium Uranium Neptunium Plutonium Americium Curium Berkelium Californium Einsteinium Fermium Mendelevium Nobelium Lawrencium Rutherfordium Dubnium Seaborgium Bohrium Hassium Meitnerium Darmstadtium Roentgenium Copernicium Nihonium Flerovium Moscovium Livermorium Tennessine Oganesson
Zn
↑
Cd
↓
Hg
silver ← cadmium → indium
Atomic number (Z)48
Groupgroup 12
Periodperiod 5
Block  d-block
Electron configuration[Kr] 4d10 5s2
Electrons per shell2, 8, 18, 18, 2
Physical properties
Phase at STPsolid
Melting point594.22 K ​(321.07 °C, ​609.93 °F)
Boiling point1040 K ​(767 °C, ​1413 °F)
Density (at 20° C)8.649 g/cm3[3]
when liquid (at m.p.)7.996 g/cm3
Heat of fusion6.21 kJ/mol
Heat of vaporization99.87 kJ/mol
Molar heat capacity26.020 J/(mol·K)
Vapor pressure
P (Pa) 1 10 100 1 k 10 k 100 k
at T (K) 530 583 654 745 867 1040
Atomic properties
Oxidation statescommon: +2
−2,[4] 0,[5] +1[6]
ElectronegativityPauling scale: 1.69
Ionization energies
  • 1st: 867.8 kJ/mol
  • 2nd: 1631.4 kJ/mol
  • 3rd: 3616 kJ/mol
Atomic radiusempirical: 151 pm
Covalent radius144±9 pm
Van der Waals radius158 pm
Color lines in a spectral range
Spectral lines of cadmium
Other properties
Natural occurrenceprimordial
Crystal structure ​hexagonal close-packed (hcp) (hP2)
Lattice constantsa = 297.89 pm
c = 561.66 pm (at 20 °C)[3]
Thermal expansion30.95×10−6/K (at 20 °C)[3][lower-alpha 1]
Thermal conductivity96.6 W/(m⋅K)
Electrical resistivity72.7 nΩ⋅m (at 22 °C)
Magnetic orderingdiamagnetic[7]
Molar magnetic susceptibility−19.8×10−6 cm3/mol[8]
Young's modulus50 GPa
Shear modulus19 GPa
Bulk modulus42 GPa
Speed of sound thin rod2310 m/s (at 20 °C)
Poisson ratio0.30
Mohs hardness2.0
Brinell hardness203–220 MPa
CAS Number7440-43-9
History
Namingafter calamine, in which it was found, itself named after Cadmea
Discovery and first isolationKarl Samuel Leberecht Hermann and Friedrich Stromeyer (1817)
Named byFriedrich Stromeyer (1817)
Isotopes of cadmium
Main isotopes[9] Decay
Isotope abun­dance half-life (t1/2) mode pro­duct
106Cd 1.25% stable
107Cd synth 6.50 h ε 107Ag
108Cd 0.89% stable
109Cd synth 461.3 d ε 109Ag
110Cd 12.5% stable
111Cd 12.8% stable
112Cd 24.1% stable
113Cd 12.2% 8.04×1015 y β− 113In
113mCd synth 13.9 y β− 113In
IT 113Cd
114Cd 28.8% stable
115Cd synth 53.46 h β− 115In
116Cd 7.51% 2.69×1019 y β−β− 116Sn
File:Symbol category class.svg Category: Cadmium
| references
child table, as reused in {IB-Cd}
Main isotopes of cadmium
Main isotopes[9] Decay
Isotope abun­dance half-life (t1/2) mode pro­duct
106Cd 1.25% stable
107Cd synth 6.50 h ε 107Ag
108Cd 0.89% stable
109Cd synth 461.3 d ε 109Ag
110Cd 12.5% stable
111Cd 12.8% stable
112Cd 24.1% stable
113Cd 12.2% 8.04×1015 y β− 113In
113mCd synth 13.9 y β− 113In
IT 113Cd
114Cd 28.8% stable
115Cd synth 53.46 h β− 115In
116Cd 7.51% 2.69×1019 y β−β− 116Sn
Data sets read by {{Infobox element}}
Name and identifiers
Symbol etymology (11 non-trivial)
Top image (caption, alt) caption:

alt:
Pronunciation
Allotropes (overview)
Group (overview)
Period (overview)
Block (overview)
Natural occurrence
Phase at STP
Oxidation states
Spectral lines image
Electron configuration (cmt, ref)
Isotopes
Standard atomic weight
  most stable isotope
File:Notification-icon-Wikidata-logo.svg Wikidata
Wikidata *
* Not used in {{Infobox element}} (2023-01-01)
See also {{Index of data sets}} · Cat:data sets (0) · (this table:
)

Notes

  1. ↑ The thermal expansion is anisotropic: the parameters (at 20 °C) for each crystal axis are αa = 18.91×10−6/K, αc = 55.03×10−6/K, and αaverage = αV/3 = 30.95×10−6/K.[3]

References

These references will appear in the article, but this list appears only on this page.
  1. ↑ "Standard Atomic Weights: Cadmium". CIAAW. 2013.
  2. ↑ Prohaska, Thomas; Irrgeher, Johanna; Benefield, Jacqueline; Böhlke, John K.; Chesson, Lesley A.; Coplen, Tyler B.; Ding, Tiping; Dunn, Philip J. H.; Gröning, Manfred; Holden, Norman E.; Meijer, Harro A. J. (2022-05-04). "Standard atomic weights of the elements 2021 (IUPAC Technical Report)". Pure and Applied Chemistry. doi:10.1515/pac-2019-0603. ISSN 1365-3075.
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 Arblaster, John W. (2018). Selected Values of the Crystallographic Properties of Elements. Materials Park, Ohio: ASM International. ISBN 978-1-62708-155-9.
  4. ↑ Cd(−2) have been observed (as dimeric and monomeric anions; dimeric ions were initially reported to be [T–T]2−, but later shown to be [T–T]4−) in Sr5Cd3; see Changhoon Lee; Myung-Hwan Whangbo; Jürgen Köhler (2010). "Analysis of Electronic Structures and Chemical Bonding of Metal-rich Compounds. 2. Presence of Dimer (T–T)4– and Isolated T2– Anions in the Polar Intermetallic Cr5B3-Type Compounds AE5T3 (AE = Ca, Sr; T = Au, Ag, Hg, Cd, Zn)". Zeitschrift für Anorganische und Allgemeine Chemie. 636 (1): 36–40. doi:10.1002/zaac.200900421.
  5. ↑ A cubic Cd98+ cluster with the central atom as Cd(0) has been identified in zeolite A; see Jennifer E. Readman; Peter D. Barker; Ian Gameson; Joe Hriljac; Wuzong Zhou; Peter Edwards; Paul Anderson (2004). "An ordered array of cadmium clusters assembled in zeolite A". Chemical communications (Cambridge, England). 10: 736–7. doi:10.1039/b400166d.
  6. ↑ Cd(I) has been observed in cadmium(I) tetrachloroaluminate (Cd2(AlCl4)2); see Holleman, Arnold F.; Wiberg, Egon; Wiberg, Nils (1985). "Cadmium". Lehrbuch der Anorganischen Chemie (in Deutsch) (91–100 ed.). Walter de Gruyter. pp. 1056–1057. ISBN 978-3-11-007511-3.
  7. ↑ Lide, D. R., ed. (2005). "Magnetic susceptibility of the elements and inorganic compounds". CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics (PDF) (86th ed.). Boca Raton (FL): CRC Press. ISBN 0-8493-0486-5.
  8. ↑ Weast, Robert (1984). CRC, Handbook of Chemistry and Physics. Boca Raton, Florida: Chemical Rubber Company Publishing. pp. E110. ISBN 0-8493-0464-4.
  9. ↑ 9.0 9.1 Kondev, F. G.; Wang, M.; Huang, W. J.; Naimi, S.; Audi, G. (2021). "The NUBASE2020 evaluation of nuclear properties" (PDF). Chinese Physics C. 45 (3) 030001. doi:10.1088/1674-1137/abddae.

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